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Main by Traumatic Loss and Grief in Regulation Enforcement 


Main by Traumatic Loss and Grief in Regulation Enforcement 

By Richard S. Biehl, Police Chief (RET), Dayton Police Division 

With contributions by: 

Maris Herold, Police Chief, Boulder, CO Police Division 

Thomas Wells, Police Chief, Springdale, OH Police Division 

*That is an article from the Winter 2022/2023 difficulty of Fight Stress

“Be ready to grieve!” This was my response on the October 2019 Main Cities Chiefs Affiliation convention session, “Mass Shootings: Classes Discovered,” once I was requested by an attendee how I personally managed the expertise of the mass taking pictures in Dayton (OH) that had occurred almost three months prior. 

It was shortly after 2 A.M. on August 4th, 2019, once I obtained a name from Assistant Police Chief Matt Carper stating, “Chief, we’ve had an officer-involved taking pictures.” I had obtained these calls quite a few occasions over the prior 20 years as a former Cincinnati Assistant Police Chief and subsequently because the Police Chief of Dayton, so this was not unfamiliar terrain. Then he added, “It’s a mass taking pictures, there are ten individuals lifeless together with the shooter.” I ended the dialog rapidly, telling him that I’d be again to Dayton as quickly as doable. 

My return flight to Dayton landed 9 hours after the mass taking pictures occurred. Late that afternoon, I performed the primary of 4 main press conferences held over the next two weeks. Throughout that point span, I met with elected officers, murder investigators, federal legislation enforcement officers, surviving relations of a few of these killed, the six officers that confronted and stopped the assailant inside 32 seconds of the primary shot, and the Montgomery County Coroner, all whereas additionally attending to the countless different calls for that stem from such incidents. This additionally included a Presidential go to. 

For weeks, I went house each night after lengthy, exhausting days. Most nights, whereas alone within the quiet, I wept. 

Little did I do know that traumatic loss would go to once more fairly quickly… 

Traumatic Loss and Grief in Regulation Enforcement: Typically Unacknowledged, Unstated, and Unexpressed 

It isn’t that the expertise of traumatic loss and grief, stemming each from skilled and private losses, is overseas to these throughout the legislation enforcement career. Quite, it’s that it so not often mentioned organizationally or professionally outdoors of a line-of-duty loss of life (LODD), which is a uncommon expertise for many police organizations. Additional, it’s principally ignored in skilled articles on policing. 

That is bewildering, contemplating the “death-saturated” surroundings of policing as referenced by Papazoglou, Blumberg, Collins, Schlosser, and Bonanno,1 who notice that whereas the expertise of loss of life and loss in policing is mentioned in “some” articles, “researchers have but to check of how officers expertise and deal with loss of life, loss, and grief.” That is possible more true for these in management positions. The next narrative is an effort to supply anecdotal perspective to this finish. 

However first, further clarification relating to a number of the permutations of grief within the sphere of expertise, in addition to a few of its distinctive traits inside legislation enforcement, is required. 

Traumatic Loss and Grief by Numerous Names  

Numerous names and descriptions have been used to seize the nuances of bizarre bereavement and grief resembling “traumatic grief” (outlined by its “two underlying dimensions…trauma and separation misery”),2 subsequently renamed as “Sophisticated Grief Dysfunction” (as this time period captured higher “the broader medical syndrome”),3 and “Persistent Complicated Bereavement Dysfunction” (“a bereavement-specific syndrome characterised by extended and impairing grief”),4 simply to call a couple of. Efforts have been remodeled greater than 20 years to supply context and definition for a pathological grief dysfunction because of the expertise of some bereaved individuals of grief of extended length and with severely disabling signs.5 There additionally has been a recognition of serious variations in bereavement from traumatic versus non-traumatic loss, each with the potential for “difficult grief reactions” described as “an umbrella time period protecting signs of extended grief dysfunction…and different post-loss problems, together with signs of melancholy, nervousness, posttraumatic stress.”6,7 

Lately, a textual content revision (DSM-5-TR) to the American Psychiatric Affiliation’s Diagnostic and Statistical Guide of Psychological Issues, Fifth Version, has been issued, whereby the standards for “Extended Grief Dysfunction” (PGD) has been added. Though affirmation of a number of standards is required for a for a optimistic analysis associated to a “loss of life, a minimum of 12 months in the past, of an individual who was near the bereaved,” three of the next eight-symptom standards should be “current most days to a clinically important diploma;” “identification disruption, disbelief in regards to the loss of life, avoidance of reminders that the individual is lifeless, intense emotional ache associated to the loss of life, problem with reintegration into life after the loss of life, emotional numbness because of the loss of life, feeling that life is meaningless because of the loss of life, and intense loneliness because of the loss of life.”8 

But, it’s debatable whether or not these developed definitions and classifications of bereavement and grief really seize the complexity of loss of life, loss, and grief in police work. Do surviving law enforcement officials need to be “shut” to a colleague killed within the line-of-duty or to have responded to the scene of such tragedy to expertise a LODD as traumatic or to expertise extended grief? Law enforcement officials typically have no idea anybody “personally,” a lot much less have private ties to most who’re killed in mass casualty incidents. Does this imply that their very human reactions to such horrific occasions are to not be acknowledged as a response to traumatic loss and probably topic to extended grief? What about their extra frequent experiences responding to traumatic loss of life on account of intentional violence, site visitors fatalities, suicides, and sudden well being circumstances in addition to different elements concerned that may result in posttraumatic stress and prolonged grief? Or the cumulative results of experiencing tragic occasions over the whole lot of a police profession? How is the skilled and private havoc of unknown frequency from such experiences captured within the developed therapeutic lenses of bereavement and grief? 

The breadth and depth of traumatic loss and grief in legislation enforcement, which could be appreciable, deserves far higher consideration of legislation enforcement leaders and social science researchers to raised probe and reply these troubling questions and supply efficient means to mitigate the inherent grief too usually skilled by legislation enforcement personnel with out ample help and assist. 

Traumatic Loss Is aware of No Bounds: Cumulative, Surprising, and Compounded Loss 

Cumulative Loss 

In late October 2019, on the ultimate day of the Worldwide Affiliation of Chiefs of Police convention, Assistant Chief Matt Carper, unprompted by prior dialog, stated to me, “Chief, you understand there may be one factor we haven’t had…” He didn’t end his remark or clarify additional, I knew precisely to what he was referring. 

Lower than one week later, on the night of November 4th, I used to be notified that Dayton Police Detective and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Activity Power Officer Jorge Del Rio had been shot through the execution of a DEA drug search warrant in West Dayton. I requested, “How unhealthy is it?” The response was, “It’s unhealthy!” I knew everybody touched by this tragedy was dealing with a really troublesome evening and effectively past.9 

Detective Del Rio was stored on life help for 3 days, he succumbed to his accidents on November 7th. Even in his loss of life, Detective Del Rio continued to serve others by giving them hope and probably life as an organ donor. At the present time marked the start of one other painful grieving interval for therefore many legislation enforcement personnel all through the Dayton area, however not almost as excruciating as that for his spouse, Kathy, and his 4 daughters. A tortuous path of grief lay forward for a lot of, notably these police personnel who have been nonetheless recovering from the tragedy of the Oregon District mass taking pictures, which had occurred three months to the date of the mortal wounding of Detective Del Rio.   

Surprising Loss 

Police Chief Tom Wells, Springdale (OH) Police Division, had reached the head of his 30-year police profession when he was appointed as police chief within the very company by which he had come by the ranks. It’s a uncommon achievement inside legislation enforcement and one to really have fun. On the night of March 21, 2020, pleasure turned to tragedy in his thirty-third day as police chief when he was notified of a pursuit that entered his jurisdiction leading to a site visitors crash and an “officer down.” 

Having served as an Assistant Police Chief for ten years prior and having been notified of and responded to many severe incidents, he calmly informed his partner what had occurred and instantly became applicable apparel, leaving house to reply to the scene. Whereas enroute, Chief Wells was knowledgeable that it was Springdale Police Officer Kaia Grant, an officer that he had helped rent in 2012, who was the officer down. Chief Wells noticed Officer Grant on the scene, mendacity on the other aspect of the roadway from the place she was struck by an armed aggravated housebreaking suspect. The suspect had swerved deliberately towards on-scene officers, together with Officer Grant, who was standing on the median wall behind her automobile, ready to deploy Cease Sticks. She was transported to College of Cincinnati Hospital by Air Care.10 

After leaving the scene, Chief Wells went to inform Officer Grant’s household of her important damage, information that will produce shock and grief far higher than his personal. He then went to College Hospital, escorting Officer Grant’s mom, aunt, and uncle, the place Officer Grant was pronounced deceased.11 The Springdale Police Division had by no means had a police officer killed within the line-of-duty till then. 

He subsequent needed to face native media, at occasions scuffling with intense emotion, to tell them of the tragic occasion of the night ensuing within the loss of life of Officer Grant. Afterwards, he confronted his fellow legislation enforcement members who weren’t on the scene to ship the devastating information and the place he witnessed of their subsequent facial expressions what couldn’t adequately be described as “grief and despair.” It was this reminiscence and its replication each time he needed to communicate to a public viewers thereafter that resulted in tears for months. He finally realized that these tears have been “past grief.”12 


Compounded Loss 

In March 2021, Police Chief Maris Herold, a previous police chief on the College of Cincinnati Police Division and 26-year veteran of the Cincinnati Police Division, was nearly to finish her first yr because the Police Chief of Boulder (CO) Police Division. On March twenty second at roughly 2:30 P.M., a closely armed, lone gunman started to stroll throughout the street to the parking zone of King Soopers grocery retailer in South Boulder, methodically taking pictures people as he did.13 

Chief Herold was doing paperwork at her desk when initially notified through textual content message of an “lively shooter” at King Soopers, a grocery retailer within the neighborhood the place she lived. Attributable to a latest sequence of false textual content alerts, she referred to as Deputy Chief Carey Weinheimer to confirm the data. When her name was answered, she may hear gunfire over the cellphone. She instantly started responding to the scene and was stuffed with dread when she initially tried unsuccessfully to achieve her partner, who frequented the shop. Upon her arrival, she assisted with important incident administration of what was a chaotic scene that included motorists trapped of their automobiles.14 

The armed suspect was barricaded within the retailer and after almost an hour, the incident ended when the suspect was wounded and brought into custody.15 With the scene stabilized, Chief Herold entered the scene and noticed Officer Eric Talley, who was shot within the head by the assailant throughout an preliminary entry into the shop shortly after the mass taking pictures started. Officer Talley was faraway from the place he was positioned to the entrance of the shop by SWAT personnel and later transported from the scene.16 Officer Talley was considered one of ten individuals killed within the assault. 

Because the scene stabilized, Chief Herold, together with Deputy Chief Weinheimer and an in depth good friend of Officer Talley, responded to the Talley residence to inform Officer Talley’s spouse, Leah, and their seven kids of Officer Talley’s loss of life, offering compassionate presence and emotional help, with the help from a chaplain. 

After leaving the Talley residence, Chief Herold met with District Lawyer Michael Dougherty and FBI officers to conduct an preliminary press convention, her voice and facial features evident of the emotional burden she was bearing. Afterwards, she proceeded to the CU Occasion Heart, the place households of the deceased have been gathered. She stayed the evening with them of their “unbelievably horrible” anguish, which she additionally shared.17 

Main Whereas Grieving: What Helped Getting By way of It All 

Every of the traumatic and tragic occasions described above resulted in various losses, with nice complexity inside police responses. Constant themes emerged from the police leaders that shouldered substantial weight in responding to them, whereas below media and public limelight. The next is what considerably helped them professionally and personally to have the ability to achieve this. 

Organizational and Management Help 

Substantial assets are sometimes required in important occasions, and this was definitely true within the aforementioned tragedies. Chief Wells obtained help from the Ohio Bureau of Investigations within the felony investigation of the loss of life of Officer Grant and the help of the Ohio State Freeway Patrol within the deadly crash investigation. Mutual support from neighboring police companies was additionally instrumental in offering patrol protection for 10 days, which allowed a lot of the Springdale PD officers to be granted administrative depart for his or her private well being and to attend funeral providers for Officer Grant. 

Chief Herold acknowledged private {and professional} help from Boulder County companies that responded to the scene and provided persevering with help thereafter, help from Particular Agent in Cost (SAC) Michael Schneider, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in addition to company personnel that processed the crime scene, and District Lawyer Michael Dougherty, who participated in press briefings and paid meticulous consideration to the event of proof that will permit prosecution of the offender and justice for all of the victims of the mass taking pictures.18 

Related help was supplied to the Dayton Police Division in response to the Oregon District mass taking pictures by a number of native police companies serving to to stabilize the scene, present support to and transport victims to native hospitals, and aiding with crime scene processing. Substantial follow-up investigation was supplied by the FBI to incorporate forensic lab evaluation of digital proof and investigative help by the Behavioral Evaluation Unit, in addition to native brokers. The workers of the US Lawyer for Southwest Ohio supplied substantial authorized help within the expedited overview of federal search warrants associated to the case.  

Three months later, in response to the murder of Detective Jorge Del Rio, regional and native Drug Enforcement Administration supervisors and brokers engaged in relentless investigative efforts to pursue all investigative avenues, throughout the nation and past, associated to the drug trafficking group liable for supplying native sellers with 9 kilograms of cocaine and fentanyl. Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) brokers meticulously pursued the trail of the crime weapons recovered on the murder scene and finally filed felony costs towards the people accountable. Montgomery County Sheriff’s Workplace supplied patrol protection throughout funeral providers for Detective Del Rio, in order that Dayton Police personnel usually on patrol may attend the providers. 

These actions collectively supplied important help on the scene of those tragedies, wanted follow-up investigation to carry offenders accountable, and follow-up operational help for the primarily affected companies in order that their personnel might be supplied respite and the flexibility for law enforcement officials to take part within the funeral of their fallen colleagues and different supportive actions. 

All three police chiefs have been capable of attend to group and operational wants whereas important psychological well being help was supplied to their companies’ members who have been instantly and considerably impacted by these tragedies. Devoted and gifted police psychologists and group psychological well being counselors performed post-incident defusings, important incident debriefings, and in some circumstances, long-term psychological interventions to mitigate the quick and probably extended impacts of traumatic loss. Peer help personnel additionally carried out a big help function, each of that are important matters which deserve a lot higher dialogue past their mere point out on this writing.  

Expressions of Gratitude and Compassion 

All police chiefs who lead their companies throughout these occasions of nice loss famous the great response from legislation enforcement companies and their profound condolences for the lack of a fellow officer, which included letters and playing cards of sympathy and items of remembrance to honor their fallen colleagues. Monetary help to the fallen officers’ households was additionally supplied by legislation enforcement personnel and help organizations to offset monetary hardship. 

Group organizations and people responded in type, incessantly offering meals for some sustenance for the households of the fallen officers and mourning officers of the affected companies throughout many lengthy days throughout and after the quick loss of life. Many flowers have been despatched to the affected companies. Substantial monetary donations have been made along with that supplied by legislation enforcement companies or authorities established advantages to supply for the monetary help to the bereaved households. 

This outpouring of compassion from legislation enforcement companies and personnel, in addition to native communities and past, was a therapeutic balm to the ache of such horrible losses. 

The Private Journey By way of Traumatic Loss 

Traumatic loss and the extreme grief that springs from it’s as a lot a person, in addition to a collective expertise. That’s definitely true for the police chiefs who skilled these occasions of traumatic loss. Every had distinctive experiences that aided them individually in regaining stability, whereas enduring inescapable grief. 

Chief Wells acknowledged that his “shock and grieving course of needed to be placed on maintain” as he centered on the care and well-being of his workers and their restoration. Nevertheless, this comprehensible determination, a standard one for these in management positions, got here at a price. Time spent “staring out the window, mindlessly watching TV” and distancing himself from household didn’t support in his restoration from loss and grief. He initially sought help by Companions on a Journey, a grief help group. When months handed and the inevitable emergence of tears each time addressing teams of people didn’t reduce, he determined to attend Assist for Heroes after studying about their program for remedy of psychological well being circumstances skilled by first responders.19 Chief Wells accomplished a five-week remedy program and this, along side an extended overdue trip, he considerably credit for restoration from PTSD stemming from the violent loss of life of Officer Grant. He additionally discovered sudden kindred help and an enduring friendship by the daddy of Officer Grant and Glen Schaffer, the daddy of Washington State Trooper Justin Schaffer, who died in the identical method as Officer Grant. These experiences, in addition to prior coaching on the FBI Nationwide Academy, serving as a member of the regional honor guard for 15 years, and his a few years of expertise as a police officer, supervisor, and senior commander, helped him get by and get previous the sometimes-incapacitating results of grief and posttraumatic stress.20 

Past preliminary help from native legislation enforcement leaders, Chief Herold attributes a few of her therapeutic and restoration to attending a lot of the funerals of these killed within the mass taking pictures and being invited as a visitor of honor to one of many funerals. She discovered this to be “very therapeutic.” Additionally, substantial monetary assets, supplied by a personal donor, helped to ascertain the Boulder Sturdy Useful resource Heart that supplied an array of remedy assets – acupuncture, remedy canines, counseling, and so on. – to first responders and the broader Boulder group. As well as, an artwork undertaking that includes the pictures of Ross Taylor,21 depicting the Boulder Police Division personnel, in addition to different first responders and group members who responded to the mass taking pictures, in a approach that they wished to be remembered in that second, was a robust therapeutic expertise. The artwork was subsequently displayed publicly, bringing honor to the women and men of the Boulder Police Division and all that responded to the scene for his or her heroic and lifesaving response to a mass casualty scene.22 

The expertise of the Oregon District Mass Capturing was the conclusion of my worst worry as police chief.  In quick response to the collective grief of the Miami Valley group, a vigil was scheduled within the Oregon District at 8 P.M. on the night of August 4th of 2019. Though being awake for eighteen hours and having lower than three hours of sleep in a single day, I attended the vigil. I wished to be there with my group. However extra precisely, I wanted to be there. It was the start of what could be an prolonged therapeutic course of. 

What helped me perform by the problem of the weeks and grief forward was a give attention to day-to-day calls for of responding to this mass casualty incident, with the help of an unbelievable command workers and extremely competent police workers. The eventual private notion that I carried out my duties effectively in addressing the wants of my group, my company, and the officers of my company, eased a number of the burden and grief I felt. It was additionally useful that lots of the present and former Dayton Police Officers, police leaders from the area and members of the higher Dayton group acknowledged the management demonstrated by all members of the Dayton Police Division and surrounding companies that responded to this horrific and violent scene, overtly expressing it in so some ways. 

Whereas nonetheless recovering from the bodily and emotional toll of the Oregon District Mass Capturing, the murder of Detective Del Rio renewed intense grief for therefore many police personnel, in addition to for me. I struggled whether or not my phrases at his funeral supplied the extent of honor and recognition due such a devoted and achieved police officer, who gave his all within the service to his group and his noble career. The day after the funeral providers, Hearth Chief Jeff Lykins introduced to me a video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5mgu00ZAfY) made by Firefighter Marques Kincaid23 consisting of segments of the funeral of Detective Del Rio, with a voice over from my spoken tribute. This stunning commemoration, with all of the highly effective pictures it captured, allowed law enforcement officials all through our company, the area, the DEA and past to witness the honoring of Detective Del Rio in such magnificent kind. This grew to become a automobile for grief to have its expression for the numerous a whole lot of law enforcement officials in attendance and for all who felt a soul-wrenching loss from his loss of life. 

“We Don’t Heal from Grief; We Are Modified by It.”24 

Neither Chief Tom Wells, Chief Maris Herold nor I’d declare that we or our companies are totally healed from the trauma and grief endured by the tragic and traumatic lack of these with whom we’ve served or the horrible affect of the mass shootings that preceded or have been concurrent with these losses. For higher and to some extent much less so, we and our colleagues have been perpetually modified by them. But, within the aftermath of profound tragedy, most of us have continued to serve our communities professionally and compassionately. In our collective emergence by trauma, loss, and grief, we’ve demonstrated our skilled capability and dedication to public service. We’ve got not been impaired long-term by the tragedies which have befallen our companies, our communities, and that so deeply affected us personally. We’re perpetually indebted to Detective Jorge Del Rio, Officer Kaia Grant, and Officer Eric Talley for his or her legacy of devotion and supreme sacrifice in serving to and defending their fellow officers and communities, “that trigger for which they gave the final full measure of devotion.”25 

References 

  1.  Papazoglou, Okay., Blumberg, D. M., Collins, P. I., Schlosser, M. Dd., and Bonanno, G. A. Inevitable loss and extended grief in police work: an unexplored subject. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020, 11(1178): doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01178  
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  1. Komischke-Konnerup, Okay.B., Zachariae, R., Johannsen, M., Nielsen, L.D. and O’Connor, M. Co-occurrence of extended grief signs and signs of melancholy, nervousness, and posttraumatic stress in bereaved adults: a scientific overview and meta-analysis [Abstract]. Journal of Affective Issues Experiences, 2021, 4: 100140. 
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  1. Reed, M. Dayton police chief displays on the loss of life of Det. Jorge Del Rio a yr later. 2020, November 6. WKEF/WRGT, Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. https://dayton247now.com/information/native/dayton-police-chief-reflects-on-the-death-of-det-jorge-del-rio-a-year-later  
  1. Wells, T., Private Communication. November 11, 2022. 
  1. Rice, B. and Baum, S. One officer lifeless, one other injured, after police chase ends on I-275 in Springdale. Cincinnati Enquirer. https://www.cincinnati.com/story/information/2020/03/21/crash-shuts-down-275-both-directions-state-route-4/2893654001/ 
  1. Golick, Okay. B. Public tears, non-public struggles: an Ohio police chief’s PTSD. Cincinnati Enquirer. https://www.cincinnati.com/story/information/2021/01/10/public-tears-private-struggles-police-chiefs-ptsd/3920818001/  
  1. Bradbury, S., Phillips, N., and Murray, J. 58 minutes of terror: how the Boulder King Soopers taking pictures unfolded. 2021, March 27|UPDATED: March 27, 2021. The Denver Put up. https://www.denverpost.com/2021/03/27/boulder-shooting-king-soopers-58-minutes-how-unfolded/ 
  1. Herold, M. Private Communication, November 12, 2022. 
  1. Vera, A. Suspect in Colorado grocery retailer taking pictures faces 10 counts of homicide, police say. 2021, March 23. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/23/us/boulder-colorado-shooting-tuesday/index.html.   
  1. Herold, M. Private Communication, November 14, 2022. 
  1. Herold, M. Private Communication, November 12, 2022. 
  1. Jackson, H. 10 individuals lifeless, suspect in custody after taking pictures at Colorado grocery store, 2021, March 22. International Information. https://globalnews.ca/information/7712466/boulder-police-warn-active-shooter-supermarket-colorado/ 
  1. Ingram, A. Assist for Heroes: Chief credit program for serving to him deal with loss of life of officer. 2020, August 31. WKRC, Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc.  https://local12.com/information/native/help-for-heroes-chief-credits-program-for-helping-him-cope-with-death-of-officer-cincinnati.   
  1. Wells, T., Private Communication. November 8, 2022. 
  1. Wenzel, J. Emotional new artwork exhibition focuses on individuals straight affected by the King Soopers taking pictures. 2022, February 17. Denver Put uphttps://www.denverpost.com/2022/02/17/boulder-king-soopers-shooting-anniversary-boulder-strong-museum-portrait-photo-ross-taylor/ 
  1. Herold, M., Private Communication, November 12, 2022. 
  1. Kincaid, M. (2019, November 14). Funeral of the fallen – Detective Jorge Del Rio [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5mgu00ZAfY  
  1. Schwartz, B. A. The grief issue: we’ve misplaced the world we knew and the lives we lived. 2020, August 21, Police 1. https://www.police1.com/health-fitness/articles/the-grief-factor-Aipw7b8UAXcztar7/?utm_source=Police1+Member+Publication&utm_campaign=4149ef46d0-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_08_24_04_57&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_term=0_ca044a84ea-4149ef46d0-59570019  
  1. The Gettysburg Tackle. (n.d.). http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm Retrieved November 14, 2021. 



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