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Elevating Inventive, Vital Thinkers in a Commercialized World (with Susan Linn)


Janet’s visitor is psychologist, author, researcher, and Harvard lecturer Susan Linn. For many years, Susan has been a passionate advocate for our kids and a steadfast fighter in opposition to the infiltration of Huge Enterprise and Huge Tech into children’ lives (and oldsters’ pocketbooks). In an eye-opening dialogue, Susan describes how digital tradition is designed to indoctrinate youngsters into consumerism and model loyalty, and the way it’s geared to create dependencies on video games and units for stimulation and soothing. She explains how video games and units educate values which can be typically diametrically against our personal, how they’ll have an effect on studying by shrinking our kids’s world and even intrude with parent-child relationships. In the end, Susan and Janet deal with the constructive actions we are able to take to reduce the influence of manipulative entrepreneurs whereas realistically acknowledging the function of digitized tradition in all of our lives.

Transcript of “Elevating Inventive, Vital Thinkers in a Commercialized World (with Susan Linn)”

Hello, that is Janet Lansbury. Welcome to Unruffled.

At present I’m welcoming Susan Linn to Unruffled. She’s been a hero of mine for such a very long time. I’ve been conscious of her work for years now. She’s a author, a psychologist. She based Marketing campaign for a Industrial-Free Childhood, and he or she’s a analysis affiliate at Boston Kids’s Hospital and a lecturer at Harvard Medical Faculty. She can be a ventriloquist and even appeared on Mr. Rogers Neighborhood.

Susan’s authored three books Consuming Children, The Case for Make Imagine and her newest, Who’s Elevating the Children, and I’m trying ahead to speaking to Susan about how Huge Tech and Huge Enterprise can infiltrate our kids’s lives and affect their values, their relationships, and their studying, and what we are able to do about it.

Janet Lansbury:  Susan, thanks a lot for being right here. That is such a deal with for me.

Susan Linn:  I’m thrilled to be speaking to you.

Janet Lansbury: You’ve been an enormous hero to me for a really very long time. And I bear in mind again if you have been taking “Your Child Can Learn” after which “Child Einstein” to process for the false claims that they have been making, taking mother and father’ cash. These firms, they prey on our vulnerabilities. All of us wish to do the perfect for our kids. So that you stood up and you probably did all of the work to get them investigated and you set “Your Child Can Learn” utterly out of enterprise principally, proper?

Susan Linn:  The concept they have been claiming that infants can learn with no proof that they may educate infants to learn and that it was good for infants to learn was simply horrible. And with “Child Einstein” claiming that these movies have been academic for infants after they had no proof and when there was beginning to be proof that plenty of display time isn’t good for infants or toddlers. So I’m actually glad that Marketing campaign for Industrial-Free Childhood, which is now known as Fairplay, I’m actually glad that we have been ready to do this. I imply, the group was based by me and a few colleagues as a result of we actually noticed this as a social justice situation. The commercialization of kids’s lives and the company takeover of childhood was actually about rights and freedoms, the rights of kids to develop up and the liberty for folks to lift them with out being undermined by greed. I’m thrilled at what’s taking place at Fairplay immediately. They’ve actually expanded and now they’re working with members of Congress consulting on payments. I’m so pleased with them.

Janet Lansbury:  Yeah. Properly you began it and your ardour now has prolonged into… that is your third ebook, proper? Who’s Elevating the Children: Huge Tech, Huge Enterprise, and the Lives of Kids.  You share some very daunting issues. A number of them I knew, however a few of them I by no means even actually thought of… like that we’re coaching youngsters to be little shoppers from an early age. So are you able to discuss slightly about a few of the issues that you simply think about essentially the most threatening or the largest issues that you simply discuss within the ebook?

Susan Linn:  One factor that I feel is vital for folks to recollect is that the method of promoting and advertising and marketing to children, that it’s not nearly promoting merchandise. It’s about inculcating values and behaviors. And the values and behaviors that profit firms aren’t actually good for kids.

The first worth of selling is to persuade those that the issues we purchase will make us glad. And what analysis is telling us is that the issues we purchase could make us glad for a short while, but it surely’s not any form of sustained happiness. What makes us glad are relationships and experiences. And but children immersed in our digitized, overly commercialized tradition are simply being pounded with that message. And as so properly, younger youngsters’s brains are rising and growing, and the issues that we be taught in childhood can actually develop into lifelong values, attributes, and behaviors,

Janet Lansbury:  Proper, as a result of this the foundational degree, and essentially the most intense time of studying

Susan Linn:  Aside from video chatting with adults who love them, there actually isn’t any profit to younger youngsters being immersed in screens. I imply, it’s in the meanwhile anyway principally a two dimensional world. It shrinks their world right down to lower than a sq. foot. And when infants, after we take them out on the planet, we actually need them to be participating with that world, to be trying round and experiencing the folks passing by, experiencing nature, or the sights and sounds of the town. After we need children to be interested in and on the planet round them, and in addition to generate their very own pursuits and to have the ability to soothe and amuse themselves, as a substitute, children spending hours and hours a day with screens are being educated to show to screens for stimulation and for soothing. That’s an issue.

There was only a research that got here out suggesting that toddlers who’ve much less display time usually tend to have good government operate abilities. They’re extra apt to have the ability to provoke duties, see them by means of. And that’s so vital for coping in life.

And likewise, as , Janet, they be taught in relationship. And one of many issues that worries me essentially the most about Huge Tech and Huge Enterprise immediately is that they’re coming between mother and father and youngsters. And so they’re disrupting that crucial relationship, not simply with mother and father, but in addition with academics and different caregivers. As an illustration, digital help like Alexa are being marketed as serving parental features like serving to with homework or studying tales or telling tales, issues that ordinarily an grownup would do with a baby. And that relationship is being disrupted and it’s being disrupted purposely.

Janet Lansbury:   Sure. You go into plenty of the techniques that the firms and Huge Tech use to suck youngsters in and suck mother and father in with them actually. And getting youngsters to…  You talked in regards to the, what’s it, “the nag one thing” <giggle>, “the nag issue.” That one among their targets is to get youngsters to nag their mother and father to purchase them the following factor that they want or the following replace to their sport or no matter it’s.

Susan Linn:  In 1998, an organization known as Western Media Worldwide did a research on nagging. It wasn’t to assist mother and father address nagging, it was designed to assist firms assist youngsters nag extra successfully. And the researchers made solutions about how firms might get children to nag. I imply, it could be humorous if it simply wasn’t so horrendous. We now have these enormous conglomerates principally doing issues that disrupt household life. And as a colleague of mine stated, “to make mother and father completely depressing.”

Janet Lansbury:  Proper, and to create this model loyalty with youngsters for all times, they really feel like this can be a happiness issue, this model, no matter it’s.

Susan Linn:  And I feel the opposite factor that’s modified over the previous a number of years is that I don’t assume that we are able to simply give it some thought by way of screens anymore. It’s not simply screens. I imply, there are additionally all of those tech enabled toys that sing and dance and do again flips all by themselves or simply on the push of a button. And because the saying goes, a great toy, a toy that basically promotes the form of artistic play that’s helpful to youngsters is 90% youngster and solely 10% toy. A great toy actually simply lies there till someone picks it up and does one thing with it.

However these tech enabled toys, to start with, they promote, properly, they appear to be they’re plenty of enjoyable in 15 or 30 second commercials, however actually children get tired of them fairly shortly. And that advantages firms as a result of in the event that they get bored and in the event that they consider that the issues they purchase will make them glad, then what they’ll do is go on and purchase one other factor, a much bigger factor, a greater factor, a unique factor.

Janet Lansbury:  One thing that I realized from my mentor, Magda Gerber, is that youngsters are discouraged from exploring and investigating extra totally toys that they’ll’t perceive. They will’t perceive why that noise occurs after they push that button. And so it form of discourages this energetic exploration that youngsters are so constructed to do within the early years.

Susan Linn:  Yeah, I feel that’s actually, actually vital.

I’m in the meanwhile notably involved about digital help like Amazon’s Alexa, Amazon makes an Alexa for youths. It comes with a sensible speaker that I purchased. I purchased one and really it’s extremely cute, the good speaker. It’s this little pleasant trying tiger. And naturally we’re wired to reply to cuteness. And the factor is that regardless that Amazon is claiming that Alexa is business free, that Alexa for Children is business free, it has a characteristic that’s known as, “I’m Bored.” So the very first thing I did once I obtained this little Echo Dot, the very first thing I did is pretending to be a baby. I stated, “Alexa, I’m bored.” And it provided me, one after one other, 5 business product video games that have been primarily based on manufacturers. “Would you prefer to play a Barbie sport?”

Janet Lansbury: Oh gosh.

Susan Linn:  I stated, “No.”

“Oh, properly would you prefer to play a SpongeBob Squarepants sport?”

I stated, “No.”

“Would you prefer to play a Wizarding World sport?”

Which is Harry Potter. I stated, “No.”

“Would you prefer to play an American Woman Doll sport?”

I imply, each single factor that the kid I used to be pretending to be was provided to do principally was an commercial for a model. And what firms need is for kids and oldsters to assume that the one means that they’ll have enjoyable is with these branded selection.

Janet Lansbury:  As an grownup, I’ve to confess, I miss plenty of the promoting that’s coming at me that’s extra hidden like that. It’s simply exhausting sufficient even for us as adults. After which we’ve obtained youngsters form of immersed in these items that they’ll’t actually see. It simply turns into normalized for them.

Susan Linn:  And so they work with youngster psychologists to use youngsters’s vulnerabilities, to grasp what they’re after which determine the right way to exploit them.

Additionally, what has modified since my first ebook Consuming Children, which was primarily about tv and video promoting, is that now we and our kids are simply being surveilled on a regular basis. So if children are taking part in with a sensible toy, it implies that their play is being surveilled. And that may assist firms higher the right way to market to that youngster. As , youngsters’s play is a window into their hearts and minds.

Janet Lansbury:  Completely, yeah.

Susan shares a lot eye opening info and unbelievable analysis in her ebook. After which it’s nearly as if in case you have two books in a single, as a result of then you may have these chapters on the finish which can be very detailed and complete about what mother and father can do, each of their private life and to make societal change. A few of these factors that you simply make remind me of actually widespread misconceptions that I hear about from mother and father, and I needed to speak about a few these or deliver up these and listen to your ideas.

One is: “Do not forget that there’s no proof that youngsters should begin utilizing display applied sciences in early childhood to achieve a digital world.”

In order that’s a priority that I hear lots that, “properly, I wish to get them prepared for this, they should be taught this.

Susan Linn:  That’s so annoying, isn’t it, that that’s the message that oldsters are getting, and why shouldn’t they consider it? However in actual fact, to start with, the applied sciences are going to vary. If you concentrate on when laptops and smartphones and apps have been launched, all people was saying, “Oh, that is energetic media. It’s not passive media and this may introduce your youngster to the technological age.”

However should you have a look at what children do on a display, little children, what they’re doing primarily is swiping or tapping or making issues greater or smaller. That’s about it. And actually, we’re going to maneuver away from even touching screens in any respect. We’re heading in direction of “voice” the place children will simply have the ability to discuss.

And so I’m glad you introduced that up as a result of it’s so unfair to oldsters that that’s the message that they’re getting. And it’s a message sadly, that they’re getting not simply from firms, but in addition from some colleges. It’s the justification for introducing tablets to kindergartners and even in preschools, when actually, once more, there’s no proof that it’s helpful. 

The tech, it’s not going to go away.  However what meaning is that we actually have to consider it by way of what’s finest for kids and what children are going to want on this more and more digitized and commercialized world. They’re going to want to discover ways to assume critically. And that comes about by means of hands-on artistic play and conversations with the adults who love them.

They’re going to want to have the ability to differentiate between what the tech business calls ” in actual life” and Mark Zuckerberg’s Metaverse that’s already this digital corporate-controlled world.

What firms need from youngsters just isn’t for the kids’s wellbeing. What they need is to develop lifetime model loyalty, to get children hooked on the expertise and to have them flip to the expertise for info. And as I stated earlier than, is for soothing and amusing. And meaning we’re actually turning children over to multinational firms, principally, who come between mother and father and youngsters.

Janet Lansbury:  And but a lot of the heads of those firms wouldn’t try this with their very own youngsters. In order that’s all the time fascinating too.

Susan Linn:  Yeah, there was simply an article within the New York Occasions by a tech government who was speaking about how he makes video video games that have been marketed to children after which he had youngsters and determined that his youngsters couldn’t play the video video games.

However , you must take into consideration not simply your youngsters, we’d like to consider all people’s youngsters,

Janet Lansbury:  Proper. As a result of as you so correctly stated, plenty of this recommendation that you simply give (and that I give) is lots simpler for folks with the next socioeconomic standing which can be blessed to have two mother and father and areas to go which can be secure, to be exterior, straightforward methods for them to self-direct their play, environments that make that attainable. And that isn’t the case with so many households but they need the perfect for his or her youngsters after all, too. In order that’s the place societal change issues.

Susan Linn:  Sure, it needs to be societal change.

I’ve plenty of solutions for folks as a result of societal change takes time and oldsters need assistance now, however I didn’t write this ebook to make mother and father really feel responsible. I feel it’s actually exhausting to be a mother or father immediately. Dad and mom are pressured about all types of issues, however this unregulated, seductive, addictive expertise, it makes issues even tougher. And one factor that we do as mother and father, I imply all of us do issues for comfort, particularly if we’re pressured with our children, and it’s so handy and so seductive at hand a toddler or a child a smartphone as a result of they are going to be immediately captivated. I feel it’s vital for folks to know that giving your youngster a smartphone a couple of times, that’s not going to destroy your youngster. The issue is that when you begin, it’s exhausting to cease. And the extra you do it, the much less apt your youngster goes to have the ability to play on their very own.

And it’s introduced as form of like a binary world. Both you might be taking part in together with your youngster on a regular basis or your youngster is on a display. However none of us can play with our kids on a regular basis. And likewise youngsters have to have alternatives to have the ability to play on their very own and to discover the world in a secure means on their very own. The concept you must play with children on a regular basis otherwise you’re a foul mother or father just isn’t true. And should you begin relying on screens when your children are actually younger, then they’ll want screens so as to occupy themselves.

Janet Lansbury:  Sure, I feel there are lots of people like I as soon as was, I assumed that with my first child, that I wanted to entertain her on a regular basis, that she was type of this empty-headed individual that basically wanted enter and wanted stimulation.  I had even learn a ebook that informed me I ought to try this. That’s what I assumed my youngster wanted till I discovered this complete different means I’m so obsessed with. And the best way I discovered it was that I took her to this little class and so they stated, simply lie her down on her again and let her be and simply observe her. And she or he was completely content material for a very long time and clearly had her personal ideas. That was the primary time I truly noticed: Oh, this can be a individual. Not solely is it an individual, is an individual with plenty of stuff occurring in her personal thoughts that I wish to find out about. I really feel actually blessed that I used to be capable of see that after which begin on this observe the place I had plenty of assist in determining the right way to develop what she was doing proper there, which was principally entertaining herself. Growing that, and seeing all of the presents of it.

And such as you stated earlier than, it’s not simply crucial considering, it’s downside fixing, curiosity, creativeness, creativity, innovation, the issues that they try this appear to be, with a sure lens: Oh, they’re simply messing round or they’re simply goofing round with these toys. And if you actually look, they’re growing every kind of theories and testing issues out. It’s so highly effective. However mother and father don’t know the right way to develop that. In order that’s been plenty of my work, serving to mother and father domesticate that point that’s the most helpful time for kids. And that makes it very attainable for folks to know that they’ll take breaks and never have to present their youngster one thing to maintain ’em occupied throughout that point.

Susan Linn: I’ve watched youngsters after they’re in conditions which can be boring in line at grocery shops or in the event that they’re going procuring with their mother or father and their mother or father has to strive on garments and that form of factor. And so they don’t simply stand there, they make humorous sounds or they transfer their our bodies in enjoyable methods. They create issues to do in that state of affairs. And in the event that they’re being handed a tool, they’re being disadvantaged of that.

Janet Lansbury:  And most of us have misplaced, properly, I don’t wish to say most of us, however I’ve misplaced the power to, or misplaced the will to wish to try this in line: simply eager about life, different folks. I wish to go to my telephone as a result of I’ve it and- 

Susan Linn:  I do know it’s an issue, particularly in case your work is on-line. So I do know I can’t inform if I’m work addicted or display addicted or each. Always checking. And that’s additionally one thing that we have to deal with ourselves. I imply, we are able to’t assist youngsters address expertise except we are able to address it as properly. 

Janet Lansbury:  A minimum of in entrance of them, at

Susan Linn:   At least in entrance of them. However that’s actually vital. And I do encourage mother and father to strive limiting their display time after they’re with their children. College of Michigan, I feel that it was them, did a research mother and father at a playground with their children. And what they discovered is that if the mother and father sitting across the playground or the sandbox or no matter, in the event that they have been immersed of their telephones that they didn’t even hear their children name them, they didn’t reply anyway. After which after they did reply, they have been extra prone to reply with irritation. And so they didn’t try this in the event that they have been concerned in analog issues like speaking to different mother and father.

It’s so highly effective, these screens, and so purposely designed to seize our consideration that they’re exhausting to withstand.

My daughter was an toddler, a toddler preschooler, lengthy earlier than all this expertise. So I’d prefer to assume that I might be a mother or father who would have the opportunity to withstand it and issues like that. However I feel it’s additionally vital for us to acknowledge that being the mother or father of a younger youngster. I imply there are occasions when it’s completely great. There are additionally instances when it’s actually boring,

Janet Lansbury:   Actually boring,

Susan Linn:  Actually boring. And I’m fascinated by youngsters, however I learn lots. I often had a ebook with me once I took my daughter to the park or when she was taking part in on her personal. There are not any research on books and an grownup and whether or not children can get their consideration. I didn’t see a research like that. However with children, children studying an analog ebook or taking part in with analog toys are usually not as irritable or exhausting to separate from what they’re doing. It’s not as exhausting as when children are immersed in screens. I believe that that’s true of adults.

Janet Lansbury:  I consider it undoubtedly is true of adults. That makes plenty of sense. I imply, simply my very own expertise with it. And it’s only a totally different degree of engagement. It’s extra energetic since you’re having to exert effort to be engaged within the ebook. So it’s not such as you obtained sucked into one thing that has the maintain on you. You’re doing the holding.

Susan Linn:  And I thought of this lots once I was writing. I imply, books could be extremely engrossing, however the medium itself isn’t designed purposely to be addictive. The phrases on a web page, they don’t transfer round. We don’t get little rewards each time we flip a web page. All of the issues that with tech give us little squirts of dopamine that make us really feel good. I imply, that’s not taking place with the ebook. So one factor that I do recommend to oldsters is deliver one thing to do if you go to the playground, however attempt to have it not be your telephone. In case you prefer to deliver a pad of paper and a pencil or should you knit, knit. For me it was studying

Janet Lansbury:  That’s useful and it acknowledges that possibly we don’t wish to sit there and observe on a regular basis. Though that may be helpful, too, as a result of then our youngster is getting that spotlight that they don’t then have to assume she has to play with me or he has to play with me, they need to play with me. They’re not going to present me consideration if I don’t make them a part of it. So exhibiting them that can also actually assist to encourage their unbiased play.

Susan Linn:  And the opposite factor that I discuss within the books is that it’s not that the mother and father all the time gave into their youngsters’s requests, however they acknowledged that their youngsters have been making a request. No person likes to be ignored.

Janet Lansbury:  I actually preferred what Sherry Turkle stated, and also you say it too, that it’s not about that we are able to’t have interaction with our tech units, but it surely’s simply having some boundaries for ourselves that, truly, we’ll really feel good that we did that typically.

Susan Linn:  Yeah, I feel that that’s proper as a result of in any other case we really feel uncontrolled and that’s a extremely scary feeling

Janet Lansbury:  That we are able to’t handle the issues that we don’t wish to be doing, however we discover ourselves doing them.

Susan Linn:  And it’s additionally actually vital, and I attempt to make this clear within the ebook, I’m not, I imply, I labored in tv, I labored with Fred Rogers, I used to be on Mr. Rogers Neighborhood. I got here of age at a time when there was plenty of hope for tv. And, not for youthful children, however for older children, I do assume that there could be profit. However it it’s the enterprise mannequin that’s the issue, that tech firms are in a struggle for our consideration and they’re going to do something they’ll to seize it. And that’s not good for us and it’s not good for our children.

Janet Lansbury:  So there are different factors that I needed to deliver up out of your ebook that caught out for me and one which form of shocked me. I by no means considered it, however makes plenty of sense. You stated to be cautious of the distinction between energetic and passive media as a result of what we think about energetic media is such as you stated these video games have been at first. Individuals thought, properly, at the least they’re actively participating with the expertise and that’s higher. However you stated these are prepackaged decisions and the kids’s involvement turns into extra reactive than energetic. However you then talked about how story-based packages and watching a present isn’t essentially passive due to the consequences that may have which can be truly evoking deep emotions, empathy, introducing phrases and ideas. So after we do wish to have our youngster use the display or tech to think about the choices and what could be preferable. What could be higher for our youngster? It’s not what we essentially thought. The old school TV could be higher than a sport on a tech system.

Susan Linn:  As a result of they’re studying narrative, and story-based programming actually is a means of serving to younger youngsters. Once more, I’m not speaking about infants and toddlers. I feel three, when children can comply with a storyline that means, the mother and father can search for motion pictures and tv packages that inform tales. However the apps which can be being marketed to children, to start with, they’re marketed as freemiums, in order that they’re marketed as free, however they’re actually not free. You are able to do a restricted quantity of issues with them after which you should improve and pay cash. And the apps are designed to be irritating should you don’t improve as a result of, once more, their goal is to earn cash and so they additionally operate on rewards and that’s not so good for youths.

Janet Lansbury:  Yeah, And right here comes the nag issue.

Susan Linn:  The nag issue. However the message that children are getting is that it’s not price doing something except you get a reward, whether or not it’s a star or some digital little doodad factor.

Janet Lansbury:  Proper, there goes the intrinsic motivation.

Susan Linn: Yeah.

Janet Lansbury: I needed to additionally deliver up your level… I assumed this may be a great one to form of finish on. “Do not forget that some of the troubling penalties of our commercialized tradition is that it thrives on exacerbating a few of the worst of human tendencies: envy, selfishness, unthinking, impulsivity and disrespect for the widespread good.” And people aren’t issues that we wanna educate our kids. So how can we counter that?

Susan Linn:  Yeah, I imply, I name the ebook “Who’s Elevating the Children” as a result of the digitized, commercialized tradition influences youngsters’s values, their studying and their relationships. That’s huge for youths. And the concept we’re letting firms do that’s dangerous. What Huge Tech and Huge Enterprise need us to consider is that that is simply the best way it’s. It’s immutable that they’ve a lot energy and that it’s going to by no means change. And that’s simply not true.

I see this as not only a household downside, it’s a societal downside and we have to take care of it that means. I don’t know what’s going to occur. However I do know that issues are extra hopeful than they’ve been, actually in my advocacy profession. There’s extra advocacy and activism round tech and, subsequently, round commercialism than I’ve ever seen. And that’s actually, actually encouraging. Some households are taking a tech sabbath sooner or later per week, as an illustration. There’s no expertise. There are native teams which can be forming to assist mother and father take care of expertise and assist youngsters have a wholesome relationship to expertise. And so I truly assume it’s extra hopeful than it’s ever been.

Janet Lansbury:  Properly that’s excellent news.

Susan Linn:  Yeah. Social change doesn’t come straightforward and it comes from the underside up and it takes time. However I feel that the tech firms and Huge Enterprise, they need us to really feel as if there’s nothing we are able to do. And really there are issues that we are able to do, and I discuss them in my ebook.

Janet Lansbury:  It’s not a degree taking part in subject. That’s one factor that you simply say. It’s robust. We’re not going to, have the ability to monitor every thing, however we could be conscious and consciousness is highly effective and that’s the start of any form of change.

Susan Linn:  And likewise it’s simpler to set limits in early childhood. If children are rising up with limits, it’s simpler to broaden than it’s to remove. So I encourage mother and father to essentially be eager about expertise and the way a lot expertise they need their children to have with the understanding that it will increase as they become older.

Janet Lansbury: Sure.

Susan Linn:  And I’m very glad that you simply introduced up the difficulty that it’s a lot tougher for folks who’re pressured and oldsters working serial jobs and oldsters who’re unemployed or single mother and father. It’s a lot tougher for them. And that’s why it’s vital that we predict not nearly our personal children, however about what’s finest for everyone’s children.

Janet Lansbury:  Completely.

Properly, thanks a lot for being on my present and I’m simply thrilled to lastly get an opportunity to attach with you. As I stated, I’ve been an enormous fan of yours for a very long time. Thanks for all that you simply do and all that you simply’re giving our kids and us as mother and father. I actually recognize it.

Susan Linn:  And again at you. Thanks for every thing that you simply do and it was actually nice to speak to you. I hope we are able to try this once more.

Janet Lansbury:  Me too.

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